ANCIENT KERALA

📝ANCIENT KERALA📝

⏩Bhayu puranam,mathsya           puranam,pathma puranam,skntha puranam, markandeya puranam are the important myth which describes about Kerala.

⏩Kerala pazhama,Kerala mahathmyam,Keralolpathikal,Keraladhesa dharmam,mooshika vamsam,Unnuneelisandhesam,Unniyadi charithram,Malabar manual, Horthy's Malabarikkus are thee important books which describes about ancient Kerala.

⏩Herman Gundart write the famous book Kerala Pazhama.

⏩Herman Gundart was the worker of Basal Ivanjalikkal Missionary Society.

⏩Raguvamsam is written by Kalidhasan which describes about the beauty of  Kerala.

⏩The ancient inhabitants in Kerala which include in Negrito Category.

📝Great Stone Age📝

⏩Between BC 500 to AD 300Burial Urns which are the clay port which buried the dead bodies of ancient peoples in Kerala.


⏩Edakkal cave is the famous stone age cave is situated at Ambhukuthi mountain in Vayanad district.

⏩Dhravida bhrami is the language is used to write  the stone inscription at Edakkal cave.Remainings of Great
stone age is found at Marayoor(Idukki),Porakkalam (Thrissur),Kuppakolli(Vayanad),Mangad
(Kollam),Aanakara(Palakkad)


⏩Cheramamngad(Thrissur),Kadand
(Kottayam),Azhikkal(Malappuram) which are the places found Dolmen at the Great Stone Age in Kerala.

🌟Inscriptions🌟

⏩The Inscriptions which fond out in Kerala is written in Vattezhuth.


⏩Malayalam language is used in the Vazhappalli Inscription. In this inscription also describes about Roman Coins.
⏩Mampalli inscription which is used to record the year(Calander).


⏩Ashokan's 2nd inscription which found out of Kerala but which describes about Kerala History.

🌟SANGAM PERIOD🌟

⏩In ancient Kerala, sangam is the academies of scholars is existed in Madurai.

⏩Meaning of Sangam-Assembly/College.

⏩Between AD-1 to AD5.


⏩In sangam period Kings of Aayi,Ezhimala,Chera,are the main control forces in Kerala.

⏩In Sangam period Selam and  Koyambathur are known as Kongunadu.

⏩Kodungallur is also known as marachipathnam,muchiri,mayoothi,Mahodhayapuram,Musiris.

⏩Aryabhadan born in Kodungallur.

⏩Madaleral is related with marriage

⏩pepper is also known as Yavasnapriya.

⏩In sangam period Rani is call it as Perumdhevi.

⏩Sangam Period God is Murugan.

⏩Dhinaram and Kanam are the money.

⏩Paranar and Kapilan are the main poet.

🌟SANGAM PERIOD-LITERATURE🌟

⏩Manimegala,China play him a ram,Pathittupath,Akananuru,Puranannuruu,Madhurakkongi,Tholkappiyam,Attuthokai,Jeevakachinthamani.


⏩The story of kannaki and Kovilan is in Chilappathikaram,which describes about Jainism.

⏩Pathittupath is about Kerala.

⏩Tholkappiyam is the oldest Literature at Sangam period.

⏩Tholkappiyam which describes about Tamil grammar.

⏩The most popular dynasty at Sangam period is Cheravamsam.

⏩Chera-Chola pandianmar are the control of ancient Thamilakam.

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PERSONALITIES

Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja ( 1753 – 1805)- ‘’Kerala Simham’’


-Ruler of the princely state of Kottayam (now Thalassery taluk and Wayanad district along with
-Gudalur and Panthalur taluks of the Nilgiris District and some parts of Kudagu ) in malabar
-He fought guerrilla warfare against Mysorean army and British from 1774 to 1793.
-After 1792, the Third Anglo-Mysore War in Kottayam, Kottayam English recognized for their sovereignty and independence in 1790, was introduced in violation of their earlier agreement.
-In 1796, the company tried to seize the Pazhassi Raja, and he used the method of guerrilla warfare and attack against British .
-He was killed by an Mavila gun-fight on November 30, 1805.
Raja’s aide
Kaitheri Ambu
Edachena Kungan
Thalakkal Chandu (Kurichia-aide of Kungan/Hero of Panamaram)

Veluthambi Dalawa (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi)(1765–1809)

-Between 1809 to 1802, during the rule of the Maharaja of Travancore -Prime Minister Bala
Rama Varma Kulasekara Perumal
Rebellion against corruption in the Travancore -Lead
-Appointed As Dalawa
-Velu Thampi Dalawa and Paliath Achan, Govinda Menon, the meeting decided to
extirpation of the British Resident, the British domination at the end of their states,
-Velu Thambi January 1809, in his famous proclamation to go to prison, where he urged
And the people to fight against the British.
-The Proclamation of its influence in the whole country, with one accord rose up against the British.
Therefore, Bhagwati Temple committed suicide by cutting his throat on Mannadi near the palace.

Sree Narayana Guru (1856–1928) 



-Spiritual leader,social reformer ,poet. 
-Guru, who was born in a family of ezhava ,chempazhanthi near Thiruvananthapuram. 
--Reform Movement in Kerala, violence, casteism and worked on propagating new
Spirituality, freedom, equality and social values, thereby transforming the society of Kerala. 
-Narayana Guru received Vedic knowledge, proficiency.
-Who is the one of the successful person to react against cast issue in kerala,india.
-Consecrated Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram in 1888- "I installed my siva; not a Brahmin siva." 
-Formed ‘Vaavoottu Yogam’ at aruvippuram –prototype of SNDP 
-Started SNDP IN 1903 along with Kumaran Asan(first secretary) 
-He chose Sivagiri for his spiritual practice ' with Amba' became his deity 
-Started a Sanskrit school in Varkala. 
-Temples were built at different places – Thrissur, Kannur, Anchuthengu, Tellicherry, Calicut, 
Mangalore. 
-In 1913, he founded the Advaita Ashram at Aluva.- Om Sahodaryam Sarvatra became the motto 
of the new Ashram. 
-Famous slogan of ‘Oru jaathi,oru matham ,oru daivam manushyanu’ was given at a meeting at 
Aluva ashram 
-Visited Sri Lanka many times. 
-On June 14, 1927, Narayana Guru, put a mirror the message of "Om Shanti", which are stored on the surface - Kalavankode a temple. 
-In 1927 gura participated the  Sree narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam anniversary at palluruthi. .
-Guru died on 20th September.

SAHODARAN AYYAPAN( 1890-1968) 



-Social reformer,journalist
-Born at Cherayi near Ernakulam 
- Started an organization called ‘Vidya poshini’ 
- Studied sanskrit & history at university college Tvpm 
-Started ‘’Samastha Kera Sahodara Sangham’ in 1917.and ‘Mishra bhojana Prasthanam’ 
-Started a magazine (later newspaper)named’ SAHODARAN’ 
-Another magazine named ‘YUKTHIVADI’ was started along with 
M.CJoseph,C.Krishnan,C.V Kunjiraman etc 
-‘VELAKKARAN’- another newspaper started by Ayyappan 
-Failed 2 times but won at 3rd time to legislative assembly of Kochi 
-Elected as president of SNDP in 1938 
-Started socialist party 
-Elected as minister in various ministries of Kochi & Thiru-Kochi. 
-Concentrated in social activities in later stages of life 
-Died in 1968 march 8 
Slogan- ‘All men are brothers’ 
Published the biography of V.I Lenin for the first time in Malayalam in ‘SAHODARAN’

Mannathu Padmanabhan(1878-1970)-(Bharatha kesari)


Writer,orator,teacher,social reformer,politician.
Born at perunna near changanassery
Became teacher at the age of 15
Turned into lawyer
Started ‘Nayar Samudaya Bhrithya Jana Sangham’ in 1914
Established Nair Service Society(NSS) in 1915 
Constructed schools and colleges throughout Kerala 
Worked against many social evils that marred the nair caste. 
Worked together with many other leaders in social movements like Vaikom sathyagraha, 
guruvayoor sathyagraha and for the betterment of lower caste hindus 
Lead ‘savarna jaadha’ to Tvpm to sympathize with guruvayoor sathyagraha.

K .Kelappan(1890-1971)-(Kerala Gandhi)

Social reformer, teacher 
Born at Moodadi in kannur 
Worked actively in congress in ponnani taluk 
Participated in vaikom sathygraha,& guruvayoor sathyagraha 
Became Editor of ‘Mathrubhumi’ Daily 
Leader of Salt sathyagraha in Kerala 
He was the K.P.C.C president when India got Freeddom.chairman of Kerala unification 
committee 
Concentrated in’ sarvodaya’’activities in later life 
Died in 1971 october 6th.

Ayyankaali(1863-1941)



Social reformer,Champion of the Downtrodden
Born at Venganoor near thiruvananthapuram
Succeeded in issuing orders permitting admission to children of lower caste in schools
First lower caste man to be selected to Sree moolam praja sabha-the then legislative assembly.
Started ‘Saadhu Jana Paripaalana Sangham’ in 1907 later became Pulaya Mahasabha
Fought steadfastly for uplifting the socialand educational status of lower caste hindus.
Met Ganhiji in 1938 which helped to get nationwide attraction his struggles 
Gandhiji called him ‘’Pulaya Raajavu’’
Died on June 18th 1941.

Dr .Palpu (1863-1950)

Physician,social reformer,educational activist
- Born in thiruvananthapuram
-Forced to go to madras for medical studies eventhough got admission in kerala for medicine in 
1884.
-Didn’t get job in kerala as he was from ezhava community,so went to mysore and worked 
there.
-Returned to travancore and was behind ‘Ezhava Memorial’ –a mass petition given to 
authoroties for securing equal rights to backward classes also in educational sector and govt 
jobs(13,176 persons signed)in 1896 submitted to Travancore Raja Vishakom Thirunal.
-‘’Treatment of thiyyas in travancore’’- book by Dr.Palpu-1896
-Met Swami Vivekananda at Mysore and upon his advice got connected with Narayana Guru 
and worked with him for the reform movements.

Chattambi Swamikal(1853-1924) 


Social reformer,spiritual leader,writer 
Born at kannammoola near Thiruvananthapuram 
Orginal name –Kunjan pillai(Chattambi means leader) 
Fought against social evils and Brahminical hegemony in a spiritual way. 
Wrote many books related to language,history,spirituality etc. 
Earned respect from Swami Vivekananda when they met 
Died at panmana on may 5 
th 1924 in kollam district.

Vakkom Abdul khader maulavi
(1873-1932)


Social reformer ,religious leader
Well versed in Malayalam,tamil,arabi,urudu,Persian and Sanskrit
Started the newspaper ‘swadeshabhimani’(Ramakrishna pillai became editor in 1906)
Submitted petition to the raja of Travancore regarding reforms in education of muslim society.
Started ‘Islamia ‘publishing house 
Died on 1932.

C.Krishnan(1867-1938)

Lawyer ,social activist,politician 
Born at Chaavakkad near Guruvayoor 
Editor of newspaper ‘KeralSanchari’ 
Bought the newspaper ‘Mithavaadi’ from moorkkoth kumaran in 1913 (so he was later known as 
Mithvaadi krishnan) 
‘Veena poovu’ the famous poem of Kumaran aasan was first published in ‘Mitha vaadi’ 
Wrote editorial about Russian revolution in1917 
Conveted to Budhism stating that being a caste in Hinduism was problem of thiyyas 
Organized a Buddhist conclave in Calicut 
Foremost among the leaders of atheist movement in kerala 
Died on 1938 nov 29th.

Muhammed Abdurahman (1898-1945)

(Subash Chandrabose of Kerala) 
Born at kodungallor 
Participated in Khilafath movement,salt sathyagaha 
Started ‘Al-ameen’ newspaper 
Died on 1945.

K.P. Kesava Menon(1886-1978)

Politician, social reformer,Diplomat,writer,lawyer
Got ‘padmavibhooshan’
Involved in non-cooperation movement
Participated In vaikom sathyagraha
Started ‘Mathrubhumi’ newspaper in 1923 
Indian high commissioner to Srilanka in 1951 
‘Kazhinja kaalam’-autobiography by K.P.Keasava Menon 
Bilathi visesham, yesu devan,jeevitha chinthakal are his works.

A.K. Gopalan(1904-1977)


(paavangalude padathalavan)
Politician,social reformer 
Born at peralassery near thalassery 
Most popular politician kerala has ever seen. 
Participated in Salt sathyagraha,guruvayoor sathyagraha(volunteer captain) 
Joined congress socialist party and worked along with EMS 
Lead ‘pattini jaadha’ to madras and ‘thiruvithankoore jaadha’ to tvpm 
Became leader of opposition in Indian Parliament 
‘’Njaan oru puthiya lokam kandu’’ is a literary work by him 
Died on march 21st 1977.

‘Swadeshabhimani’Ramakrishna pillai (1878-1916) 


Journalist ,social activist,writer 
Born at Neyyatinkara near Tvpm 
Editor of journal ‘Malayali’ 
Became chief editor of ‘Swadeshabhimani’ newspaper in 1906 
Send on exile in 1910 
Died on 1916.

V.T Bhattathirippadu (1898-1982)



Social reformer,Playwright
Born at Mezhathoor near ponnani
Fought against the superstitions and bad customs of Brahmin caste
Encouraged widow marriage, atheism.
Adukkalayil ninnu arangathekku,kainchntha,are his works.

EVENTS,MOVEMENTS & ORGANISATONS


Attingal rebellion-1721

-First organized rebellion in India against the British rule

-Occurred in anchuthengu near attingal (now in Thiruvananthapuram district).

-Tussle between British merchants and native mechants.

-Anchuthengu fort was kept under siege for six months by the rebels .

-In 1722 a pact was signed between Attingal Rani and British.

Kurichya Rebellion -1812

- It was farmers rebellion against the British. It was an after effect of pazhassi rebellion that
happened earlier.

-Kurichyas was a sect in adivasis of Malabar.They and their leader Tahalakkal chandu supported pazhassi .

-British oppressed them with taxing out huge revenue from the poor farmers.

-Farmers protested violently ,but the rebellion was completely suppressed by the British.

Channar rebellion(melmundu samaram)-1859

- It happened in Travancore in which Channar(a lower caste according to Hindu caste system)
ladies protested to wear blouse which was not allowed at that time.

-On july 26th 1859 uthram thirunal made a proclamation by which all ladies irrespective of caste were allowed to wear blouse

Malayali memorial-1891

-A mass petition filed to Sree Moolam thirunal of Travancore which sought for appointment of
malayalees in higher offfial posts.

-Leaders were C.V Raman pillai,K.P Sankara Menon,K.P.Padmanabha menon,G.P.Pillai etc

Ezhava Memorial-1896

-A mass petition filed to Sree moolam thirunal under the leadership of Dr Palpu ,who was a medical graduate .

-Appointment of lower caste people in government posts was the main point in the petition. 

-It was rejected by the diwan and other authorities. 

-Again in 1900 they gave a mass petition to Lord Curzon,Viceroy ,when he came to Travancore. But nothing fructified.

Malabar Rebellion-1921


- Khilafat movement ,which was a pan- islamist movement against the British got roots in 
Malabar also.

-Rebellion started gainst the British and also the native land lords.

-It mainly happened in eranad & valluvanad taluks of Malabar.

-Variyan kunnath kunjahammed haji,seethikoya,aali musaliyar are the prominent leaders

-Death toll was heavy on both sides.

-Rebellion was brutally suppressed ,about 10,000 people lost their lives.

Wagon Tragedy-1921 ,Nov-10



- Part of Malabar rebellion 

-Arrested rebels were transported from Tirur Railway station to Bellary jail in a goods train 
named M.S.L.V 1711.

-More than ninety people were transported in a single wagon.It was thickly congested so they 
could not even breath.

-64 people was found dead when the wagon reached podanoor near Coimbatore and 8 more died in hospital.

-Wagon with dead bodies was returned back to Tirur. Wagon Tragedy memorial town hall is 
now at Tirur ,Malappuram District.

-It was one of the most gruesome incidents during the freedom struggle.

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25)


-It was in Travancore, against untouchability in Hindu society. The movement was centered at
the Shiva temple at Vaikom, near Kottayam.

-The Satyagraha aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the public roads leading to the Sri Mahadevar Temple at Vaikom.Started on 1924 march 30th .
-Leaders of the sathyagrha are T. K. Madhavan ,K.Kelappan, K. P. Kesava Menon,kuroor neelakantan namboothirippad,mannathu padmanabhan,T.RKrishnaswami Iyer . 

-The Akalis of Punjab came to Vaikom to open a free kitchen for the Satyagrahis 

-Non-Hindus like barrister George Joseph, Bhajematharam Mathunni and Abdul Rahman (the Editor-in-Chief of The Young India) came forward to offer Satyagraha.
  
-E. V. Ramasami/ Periyar a group of followers offered Satyagraha. 

-Gandhiji visited vaikom during the struggle 

-The streets in the temple area were opened to all people (except the eastern path)on nov 23 ,1925. 

-In 1928 a proclamation was made in Travancore by which all temple paths were opened for all people.


Salt sathyagraha in Kerala-1930


Gandhi during the Salt March, March 1930.

-Payyannur in kannur district was the centre of salt sathyagraha in Kerala
-Leaders were K.Kelappan,T.R krishnaswamy Iyer,P.krishna pillai etc

Guruvayoor Sathyagraha-1931-32


-The struggle was to provide access to Sree Krisna temple at Guruvayoor for all Hindus.
-Started by K.P.C.C under the Leadership of K.Kelappan.
-A.K .Gopalan,mannathu padmanbhan were leaders of the struggle.
-Sathyagraha was called off as per the direction of Gandhiji.
Nivarthana struggle (Nivarthana Prakshobham)
-It was joint struggle by Hindu backward classes,Muslims &christians to achieve prper 
representation in legislative assemblies

Kayyoor Riot

-Kayyoor is a village in kasargod district
-Communist party organized peasents and acted against land lrds and British govt.
-One policeman was killed when they tried to stop a procession organized by the party.
-Police captured 61 workers and 4 of them werehanged to death on march 29th 1943. 
-EK Naynar,AV Kunjambu etc participated in the struggle 

Punnapra –vayalar rebellion (1946) 


-In Travancore a bill was passed extending the official period of Diwan to 5 more years. 
-Communist party organized its cadres and prorested against this move which is seen as a hidden 
agenda by the then Diwan C.P Ramaswamy. 
-Police attacked the protesters and almost 200 people were killed on October. 
-Another 280 people were killed in protest organised against the first attack. 
-It was the bloodiest agitation in history of modern kerala. Almost 1000 people were killed in 
agitation. 
-Famous slogan ‘American Model Arabikkadalil’’ was used in this agitation.
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